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Structures / Two World Trade Center
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About this data sheet:
Structure-ID: s0002118
Created on: 13/10/01
Modified on: 14/06/08


Two World Trade Center

South Tower
Built: 1966 - 1973
Status: destroyed
Address: 2 World Trade Center
Location: Church Street, between Liberty Street and Vesey Street, Manhattan, New York, New York, USA
South Manhattan seen from the Empire State Building. Ground zero, the former location of the World Trade Center is illuminated.
Click on the image to enlarge it.
There is a total of 46 images.
Structural Type:
Tubular System
Function / usage:
Office building
Next to: One World Trade Center (1973)
Replaced by: National September 11 Memorial and Museum at the World Trade Center (2011)
Part of: World Trade Center (New York)

Persons involved with this structure
Legend: Phase of works
RoleNamePart of structure 
Architect Minoru Yamasaki
Structural engineer Leslie Earl Robertson

Firms, offices, etc. involved with this structure
Legend: Phase of works
RoleNamePart of structure 
Owner Port Authority of New York and New Jersey
Architecture Emery Roth & Sons
  Minoru Yamasaki Associates
Structural engineering Leslie E. Robertson & Associates, R.L.L.P.
  Skilling Helle Christiansen Robertson
General contractor Tishman Construction Corp.

Technical information
DescriptionValue
Construction materials used
façade  glass
aluminum
floor slabs  reinforced concrete
exterior columns  steel
cross beams  steel
floor beams  steel
Dimensions
  height 415 m
  number of floors (above ground) 110
  wind resistant to 240 km/h
  dimensions at base 63.4 m x 63.4 m
Cost
  cost of construction US$ 700 000 000

Chronology
January 1972
First tenants move into Two World Trade Center.
11 September 2001, 08:45
A hijacked Boeing 767 by American Airlines crashes into One World Trade Center in an apparent terrorist attack. The plane hits floors 94-99.
11 September 2001, 09:03
Another hijacked airplane, a United Airlines Boeing 767, crashes into Two World Trade Center causing a severe explosion. Floors 78 to 84 are hit.
11 September 2001, 09:59
Two World Trade Center collapses. Crushes Three and Four World Trade Center.
11 September 2001, 10:29
One World Trade Center collapses. Five and Six World Trade Center are severely damaged.
30 May 2002, 10:29
In an official ceremony, the last column remaining from the World Trade Center rubble is removed and the cleanup work at ground zero is formally completed. The official death toll of the destruction of the world trade center is set at 2 823 dead. The remains of 1 731 victims were never recovered.

Notes & Comments
The World Trade Center towers were built to resist the impact of a Boeing 707.
Aerialist Philippe Petit walked between the two towers on a tightrope in 1974.

Relevant Web Sites
The following external links open in a new window. Structurae is not responsible for their content nor endorses it.
External LinkA Sightseer's Guide to Engineering: World Trade Center English
External LinkArchitectural Record: World Trade Center Coverage English
External LinkBBC News: How the World Trade Center fell English
External LinkBBC News: World Trade Disaster English
External LinkBill Shamam: Digital Images of the WTC on September 11, 2001 English
External LinkBuilding Conservation Technology: 11 September 2001 English
External LinkCNN: Ceremony to close 'Ground Zero' cleanup (30/05/02) English
External LinkCNN: Engineer finds clues in WTC wreckage English
External LinkCNN: Specials: Day of Terror English
External LinkCNN: Specials: Recovery English
External LinkCNN: Tod Rittenhouse: Why the World Trade Center collapsed English
External LinkCNN: World Trade Center: A city in towers English
External LinkDale Sorenson's World Trade Center Photos English
External LinkDan Heller Photography: World Trade Center English
External LinkENR: Award of Excellence Winner: Michael Burton (22/04/02) English
External LinkENR: Engineers Set the Record Straight on Trade Center Study Results (04.11.2002) English
External LinkENR: NIST Not Ruling Out Any Hypotheses As World Trade Center Probe Continues (09.12.2002) English
External LinkENR: Report Ties Trade Center Collapses to Column Failures (25/10/2002) English
External LinkENR: Study Absolves Twin Tower Trusses, Fireproofing (04.11.2002) English
External LinkFEMA: World Trade Center Performance Study English
External LinkGreat Buildings Online: World Trade Center English
External LinkiCivilEngineer: WTC Coverage English
External LinkLe Monde: conférence UTLS: Pourquoi le World Trade Center est-il tombé? par Geoff Rooke French
External LinkLERA Project Gallery: World Trade Center English
External LinkMS.NBC: 'Painful and Horrible'- The engineer behind the World Trade Center ? English
External LinkNano (3Sat): WTC - Einsturz unvermeidlich - Stahlkonstruktion kollabiert durch Aufprall und Feuer German
External LinkNational Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States English
External LinkNational Geographic: Inferno Heat, Not Impact, Brought Down Towers, Experts Say English
External LinkNew Scientist: Design choice for towers saved lives English
External LinkNew York's World Trade Center: A Living Archive English
External LinkNIST and the World Trade Center English
External LinkNIST: Latest Findings from NIST World Trade Center Investigation Released - Probable Collapse Sequences for Both Towers Finalized – Reports Issued for Three Projects English
External LinkNY Times: Why Trade Center Towers Stood, Then Fell English
External LinkPBS: America Rebuilds - A Year at Ground Zero English
External LinkPBS: Building Big - World Trade Center English
External LinkPennState: Architectural Engineering: The World Trade Center and Pentagon Tragedy English
External LinkSpiegel-Online: Tausende Tote nach Terroranschlägen German
External LinkSteve Spak: World Trade Center 9/11 English
External LinkUniversity of Sydney: World Trade Centre - New York - Some Engineering Aspects English
External LinkUSA Today: Catastrophic Collapse English
External LinkWhy Did the World Trade Center Collapse??Simple Analysis English
External LinkWorld Trade Center (Mary Ann Sullivan) English
External LinkWorld Trade Center Project (by Peter Page) English

Relevant Literature
* Dissecting the Collapses, in "Civil Engineering Magazine", May 2002, n. 5 v. 72 .
* The World Trade Center - A Modern Marvel (DVD).
* Brown, Jeff L.   Landmarks in American Civil Engineering History, in "Civil Engineering Magazine", November - December 2002, n. 11-12 v. 72 .
* Bullaty, Sonja   World Trade Center Remembered, Abbeville Press, Inc, ISBN 0789207648, 2001.
* Caille, Emmanuel   Catastrophe du World Trade Center, in "Le Moniteur des Travaux Publics et du Bâtiment", 21 September 2001, n. 5104 .
* Darton, Eric   Divided We Stand (1st edition), Basic Books, ISBN 0465017274, 2001.
* Dupré, Judith   Skyscrapers (2nd edition), Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers, Inc., New York (USA) , ISBN 1579127878, 2008; pp. 68-69.
* Dupré, Judith   Skyscrapers, Black Dog & Loventhal, New York (USA) , ISBN 1884822452, 1996; pp. 66-67.
* Federal Emergency Management Agency   World Trade Center Building Performance Study, Federal Emergency Management Agency, New York (USA) .
* Gillespie, Angus K.   Twin Towers, Rutgers University Press, Newark (USA) , ISBN 0813527422, 1999.
* Harris, Bill   The World Trade Center, ISBN 0762413158, 2001.
* Heinle, Erwin   Türme aller Zeiten - aller Kulturen (3rd edition), Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Stuttgart (Germany) , ISBN 3421029318, 1997; pp. 305.
* Idelberger, Klaus   Le "World Trade Center" de New York, le bâtiment le plus élevé du monde, in "Acier = Stahl = Steel", June 1970 v. 35 .
* Lemoine, Bertrand   World Trade Center, in "L'acier pour construire", November 2001, n. 71 .
* Manferto de Fabianis, Valeria   World Trade Center, K. Müller Verlag, Cologne (Germany) , ISBN 3898930114, 2002.
* Mukerji, Chandra   Intelligent Uses of Engineering and the Legitimacy of State Power, in "Technology and Culture", October 2003, n. 4 v. 44 .
* Picon, Antoine   L'art de l'ingénieur, Éditions du Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris (France) , ISBN 2858509115, 1997; pp. 545-547.
* Post, Nadine M.   Debris Mountain Starts To Shrink, in "Engineering News Record", 1 October 2001 .
* Post, Nadine M.   Massive Assault Doomed Towers, in "Engineering News Record", 17 September 2001 .
* Post, Nadine M.   No Code Changes Recommended In World Trade Center Report, in "Engineering News Record", 15 April 2002 .
* Post, Nadine M.   WTC's 'Bathtub' Stabilization Is More Than 70% Complete, in "Engineering News Record", 1 April 2002 .
* Powell, Anne Elizabeth   September Eleventh: The Days After, The Days Ahead, in "Civil Engineering Magazine", November 2001, n. 11 v. 71 .
* Rajs, Jake   Sometime Lofty Towers, BrownTrout Publishers, ISBN 0763154725, 2001.
* Robertson, Leslie E.   A Life in Structural Engineering, in Seven Structural Engineers ; pp. 66-85.
* Rubin, Debra K.   Award of Excellence Winner: Michael Burton, in "Engineering News Record", 22 April 2002 .
* Rubin, Debra K.   Bechtel Won't Run WTC Cleanup But Project Changes Still Loom, in "Engineering News Record", 17 December 2001 .
* Rubin, Debra K.   An End And A Start At Ground Zero, in "Engineering News Record", 10 June 2002 .
* Rubin, Debra K.   WTC Cleanup Agency Begins Ramping Up Operations, in "Engineering News Record", 27 June 1946, n. 26 .
* Rubin, Debra K.   WTC Pushes the Envelope, in "Engineering News Record", 18 March 2002 .
* Sagot, François   World Trade Center. Les leçons techniques de la catastrophe, in "Le Moniteur des Travaux Publics et du Bâtiment", 6 September 2002, n. 5154 .
* Skinner, Peter   World Trade Center, Metro Books, ISBN 158663612X, 2002.
* Skinner, Peter   World Trade Center, Silver Dolphin, ISBN 9685308942, 2002.
* Skinner, Peter   World Trade Center: Les tours qui défiaient le ciel, Hazan, Paris (France) , ISBN 2850258261, 2002.
* TOTH, I.   Le World Trade Center de New York, in "La Technique des Travaux", January 1971, n. 1-2 v. 47 .
* van Deelen, Paul   What happened IX XI MMI, in "Bouwen met Staal", October 2001 .
* Ziga, Charles J.   New York Landmarks, Dove Tail Books, ISBN 0963667300, 1999; pp. 62-63.

 
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